Was Last Year the First in a New Era? Reflections on a Lifetime of Investing 


J. Reid Murchison III, CFP®
Senior Financial Advisor 
Managing Partner

Winter 2023

Executive Summary

  • The first fifteen or sixteen years of my investment life coincided with the worst stretch of time for U.S. investors in 100 years when inflation is factored in—even worse than any fifteen years that encompassed the Great Depression.
  • The subsequent forty years the major stock market indices were phenomenally good for U.S. investors—despite three or four devastatingly bad bear markets.
  • Helping drive exceptional real, after-tax, after-inflation returns over the past forty years were five big factors, in my opinion: 1) a really cheap starting point; 2) favorable tax policies; 3) favorable monetary policy; 4) American ingenuity and innovation; and 5) declining inflation.
  • The tide may have turned in the case of at least three of those factors: 1) the starting point at the start of 2022 was the opposite of cheap and is still not cheap despite the drops last year; 2) tax policy appears unlikely to be poised to become more favorable; and 3) monetary and fiscal policy appears to have ignited a higher rate of inflation – the highest in 40 years.
  • If the tide has indeed shifted, it is not at all clear whether it will go out far or long enough to spell the end of an era—one that may have handsomely rewarded those who had the patience and the fortitude to maintain a disciplined, long-term investment posture.
  • We think the early days of last January marked the end of a remarkable investment era. But the level of speculative froth has dissipated greatly over the past twelve months. For this reason, we think the future can be positive for investors even if less extraordinary than the last decade ending December 2021.
  • We think it best to move into the future with eyes wide open to the challenges ahead, with cautious optimism, and with realistic expectations.

A Look Back Through the Eyes of My Own Experience 

As I approached my twelfth birthday in the fall of 1966, my maternal grandfather thought it was time I learned about the stock market and the benefits of owning a piece of great American companies. He offered to give me some stock as a birthday present—provided that I could persuade him that the stock I chose would be a good long-term investment. 

The 1950s and 1960s had been a boom time for the U.S. Most of the rest of the world was still recovering from the devastation of the Second World War. America was an unmatched economic force, and American companies faced only modest competition from abroad. Stocks, especially those of the largest and strongest companies, roared upward. In the dozen years following my birth, The Dow Jones Industrial Average (the Dow) more than tripled in value1, almost reaching 1,000 in early February 1966--and that was before adding in dividends. 

Then stocks slid over the next nine months, dropping nearly 20% to 807 around the time I turned twelve and became a young investor. Fifteen years later, when Linda and I were married in October 1981, the Dow had attempted without success to surpass its 1966 high, had experienced an excruciating bear market which many participants likened to slow water torture, and had inched up at best maybe 5%. By the next August, the Dow was right back to where it was when I turned twelve. In real, inflation-adjusted terms, the market as measured by the Dow lost roughly 65% of its value in a little under sixteen years.2

What had happened to cause such a rout?

Economically, the late 1960s and 1970s represented a big change from the decade and a half before. Inflation and interest rates, rather than stocks, roared upward, seemingly with no end in sight. U.S. companies were no longer dominating the world. Weariness with the Arab oil embargo, the War in Vietnam, Watergate and rising capital gains taxes had dampened spirits. 

By the end of the 1970s, investor optimism about the future had turned into deep pessimism—U.S. investors were unwilling to pay even half the multiple of a stock’s earnings they had paid before. Japan had come to be viewed as the economic superstar to be imitated. Business Week early in the next decade featured a bold cover asking “Are Equities Dead?” 

There’s an old saying that “it’s always darkest before the dawn.” That sure seems to have been the case by late summer 1982, when the Dow stood exactly where it had been when I turned twelve nearly sixteen years earlier. 

Then, stocks began a long march upward. And what a march it was. On January 4, 2022, the Dow was 36,799. At that level, the Dow had grown 42-fold. $100,000 invested in August 1982 would be worth over $4,500,000 - even if you spent all your dividends. The S&P 500, which has historically paid a lower level of dividends, has grown even more. $100,000 invested over that period in the S&P 500 would have grown roughly $15,000,000 - again, even if you spent all your dividends3.

What happened to propel such an amazing level of return?

The mirror opposite of what had caused the rout that came before. 

Stocks were really cheap by late summer 1982, regardless of the metric used to gauge valuations. P/E ratios were well under 10 back then, less than half of their long-term average. The S&P 500’s dividend yield was above 5%, well above its long-term average4

Inflation has trended down significantly. Inflation was in double digits for three years in a row from 1979-1981, peaking in 1980 at 13.5%. Two years later, it was half that level. Over the past ten years, it has averaged only around 2%5

Interest rates have followed inflation down, dropping even more significantly. Historically, ten-year U.S. Treasury interest rates have been higher than inflation, providing bond holders with a real return. For many recent years, those interest rates have been below inflation, delivering a negative real return. Ten-year U.S. Treasury interest rates exceeded 15% in the latter half of 1981. By the beginning of 2000 they were under 6%. And today, they stand at less than 1.7%6

Investment-related tax rates trended down, with a few reversals along the way. President Jimmy Carter championed a 28% cut in the top capital gains tax from 39% to 28%. Capital gains rates dropped to 20-to-21% for much of the Reagan and Clinton years. Then President George W. Bush pushed both the top capital gains and dividends tax rate to 15%, which held there through 2012. Although the top rate was increased to 23.8% (including the 3.8% Obamacare tax) in 2013, top corporate income taxes were reduced from 35% to 21% (a 40% reduction) in 2017. 

Ordinary personal income tax rates dropped markedly. The top marginal income tax rate was 77% in 1969. It dropped to 50% in in 1982, 38.5% in 1987, and 28% in 1988 before rising over time to somewhere between 39.6% and the current 37%7

Corporate income tax rates dropped more than half from 46% in 1981 and 1982 to 21% in 2017. 

American companies regained their competitive edge8.

Where were we just one year ago? At least a partial mirror-image of where we were 1981/1982.

Stocks were no longer cheap. P/E ratios were near historically high levels. Dividend yields were near historically low levels. 

Inflation was low, but beginning to show signs of rising. How much or how fast it would rise was unknown. What we did know was that the Federal Reserve had said repeatedly in recent months that it wanted higher inflation, that it would tolerate rising inflation more than in the past, and that it would put a greater priority on reducing unemployment than maintaining low inflation. 

Interest rates were low, and unlikely to go a lot lower. 

Investment-related taxes looked like they’re going up further. President Biden’s proposed top rate (43.4% including the 3.8% Obamacare tax) was nearly double today’s top rate on qualified dividends and capital gains.9

Income tax rates looked likely to rise at the top. President Biden’s proposed top rate of 39.6% represented a 7% increase10

Corporate income taxes looked likely to rise. President Biden’s proposed top rate of 28% represented a 33% increase. 

America and American companies faced increasing competitive pressure from China, as well as from other corners of the globe. 

So, where are we today?

Stocks are cheaper than they were a year ago, but nowhere near as cheap as in the early 80s. P/E ratios are still above average. Dividend yields are still below average. 

Inflation soared last year, but appears to have peaked. Whether it will return to the 2% area for an extended period of time remains unknown. 

Interest rates have risen at the fastest rate in memory. However, they are still low by historical standards. 

Taxes appear to remain as they are (other than a possible minimum corporate income tax) until the 2024 election cycle. 

American companies continue facing competitive pressures from China and other corners of the globe, as well as other unknowns such as global economic slowdown, possible recession, challenging labor market dynamics and possible de-globalization. 

What does it mean for us investors?

We expect real, inflation adjusted, after-tax returns to be lower over the next decade than they averaged over the forty years only a year ago. This does not mean we expect doom and gloom. Nonetheless, we do think expectations should be tempered and realistic. In fact, we expect inflation-adjusted returns on fixed income and cash to be better over the next decade than they have been over the past decade. 

We think we will have to be more mindful of inflation. In the short-to-intermediate term, inflation tends to put downward pressure on equity valuations. In the longer run, however, owning great companies has historically been a good inflation hedge because their sales and profits tend to rise with inflation. 

We think we should pay even more attention to opportunities outside the U.S. than at present. International and emerging market equities have lagged behind the U.S. for most of the past twenty years, and their valuations are a good bit lower. Investing globally will be important, we think. 

We think our best guesses about the future’s course—and the timing of any twists and turns—will likely prove to be only partially correct at best. So, we continue to think that we should pursue a disciplined investment approach. 

This means we will continue to avoid making big bets, and continue to avoid making investment decisions based on short term trends. We will continue to help manage client investment portfolios as we have always done, adhering to the asset allocation in place for each individual client and making adjustments (rebalancing) as market actions warrant.

1 Source: Macrotrends 
2 Macrotrends 
3 Macrotrends
4 Shiller, Robert:Irrational Exuberance 
5 Macrotrends 
6 Macrotrends 
7 Forbestadvice 
8 Brittanic Procon 
9 Wallstreet Journal
10 Wallstreet Journal

Index returns are not fund returns. An index is unmanaged and not available for direct investment. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. Equity securities are subject to market risk which means their value may fluctuate in response to general economic and market conditions, the prospects of individual companies, and industry sectors. Investments in equity securities are generally more volatile than other types of securities.

Dividends are not guaranteed and are subject to change or elimination. The Dow Jones Industrial Average is a price-weighted index of 30 "blue-chip" industrial U.S. stocks. The S&P 500 Index consists of 500 stocks chosen for market size, liquidity, and industry group representation. It is a market value weighted index with each stock's weight in the Index proportionate to its market value.

Wells Fargo Advisors Financial Network did not assist in the preparation of this report, and its accuracy and completeness are not guaranteed. The report herein is not a complete analysis of every material fact in respect to any company, industry or security. The opinions expressed here reflect the judgment of the author as of the date of the report and are subject to change without notice. Any market prices are only indications of market values and are subject to change. The material has been prepared or is distributed solely for information purposes and is not a solicitation or an offer to buy any security or instrument or to participate in any trading strategy. Additional information is available upon request 

Investment products and services are offered through Wells Fargo Advisors Financial Network, LLC (WFAFN), Member SIPC. The Murchison Group is a separate entity from WFAFN. CAR-0123-00821
I made my first stock investment when I was twelve, in the fall of 1966.  My maternal grandfather had always given his grandchildren a little cash on their birthdays.  He thought by age 12 I should become acquainted with the stock market as both a key pillar of a future investment portfolio and as a lens through which to learn about business, commerce and free enterprise.  The only requirement was that I had to pick out the stock, and then persuade him why he should buy that one for me.

I was a born saver, having been entranced ever since I could remember with tales of the Great Depression.  (At some level, I have been preparing for another ever since.)  So, I naturally saved my allowances, Christmas and birthday gifts, and the money I earned by cutting lawns in the neighborhood.  By the time I was 14 or 15, I had built up a nice little savings account.

Around that time, probably in 1968, my father tried to convince me to put those savings to work in the stock market.  As hard as it was to build that little nest egg, I was reluctant to do so.  Then he made me an offer I could not refuse.  He said if the amount I invested was worth less by the time I graduated from college, he would make up the difference (an offer that would be highly illegal for us to make to anyone).  I couldn’t lose, so I agreed, and began to talk with his stock broker about what companies to buy.  At times, it looked as though his offer had led to great gains, but when I graduated from Chapel Hill in the spring of 1976, my father owed me.  After all those years, the total investment I made, all in good companies, was worth less than when I started.

In fact, the stock I bought at age 12, General Electric, was worth little more when I was married in the fall of 1981, fifteen years later.  How could that be?

I will be eternally grateful for the experience of those early investing years.  They taught me that successful investing takes great patience, and sometimes nerves of steel.  Markets don’t always go up, and don’t always bounce back quickly when they go down.  But historically, over time, good businesses grow, increase their profits and raise their dividends.

Although the U.S. stock market, as measured by either the Dow Jones Industrial Average or the S&P 500 had essentially zero growth in value in the fifteen years between 1966 and 1981, in the subsequent forty years it has grown over 35-fold—and that’s before including dividends.

My married life has coincided with an incredible market run, interrupted at times by steep bear markets (1987, 2000-2002, 2008/2009, 2020) many of which led to halving the value of portfolios.  $10,000 invested forty years ago in the Dow would be worth more than $350,000 today, even if you spent all the dividends—and your combined dividend from last year and this year would be more than the total amount invested at the beginning.  They key is that you had to hang in there during the tough times.

During my senior year at Chapel Hill, I also worked as a traveling salesman to open up a new territory for our family wholesale and hardware distribution business, J.W. Murchison Company.  That was a terrific learning experience.  I knew little about the nearly 20,000 items we sold, and did not know a single one of our prospective customers in the half dozen counties I covered.  However, I found that if they could count on me to show up every two weeks—often without getting a single order, and if I really listened to what they needed, those prospects would eventually become customers; they entrusted me with fulfilling part of their inventory needs.

Six months after graduation, I decided it was time to pursue my twin dreams of either making it to Broadway, or making it to Wall Street, or both.  So, I moved to New York City in the fall of 1976.  I patched together several part-time jobs (photographer’s sales rep, photographer’s assistant, nightclub waiter, and happy hour bartender at a home for the elderly) while interviewing for entry-level investment positions and auditioning for off-off Broadway plays.

After various tests and multiple interviews, the head of the Kidder Peabody Park Avenue office offered me a job, coupled with an unusual piece of advice.  He said, “I am going to offer you a job as a trainee investment broker, and I am going to suggest you not take it.”  He said, “You’re 22 years old with limited business, investment and life experience.  Why would anyone seek your investment counsel, or have any good reason to trust your investment judgment.”  He went on to say, “I think you will ultimately succeed, but you will have so much more to offer clients if you get some broad business experience under your belt first.  So, the job is yours if you want it, but I would not take it if I were you.”

I thought about his most unexpected offer for a few minutes before responding.  “You’re right,” I said.  “I would not tap me at this juncture to invest my money.  Why should I expect anyone else to hire me.”

Thankfully, I did not have to wait long for an offer to get that broad business experience—and to become a part owner of a growing business in short order.  An advertising agency started by a seasoned executive and his wife in Chapel Hill (in the house in which James Taylor grew up) had recently opened an office in New York to better serve their largest client, The Wall Street Journal.  With me on board as a trainee who knew nothing about advertising and marketing, the staff grew to five:  the founding couple, an art director and a production manager (this was two or more decades before everything would become digital).  

My first week or so on the job was spent reading a stack of books I found placed on my desk.  Sometime in the first couple of months the wife was hospitalized for a few weeks with a serious illness. I was charged with keeping the office running, and I was dispatched several times to make presentations to our clients at The Wall Street Journal, Barron’s and a host of foreign business publications that Dow Jones represented in the US.  It was a baptism by fire.  

Within a year or so, our creative work caught the attention of the investment firm made famous—some would say infamous—by Michael Milken, Drexel Burnham Lambert.  We were one of a couple dozen agencies to which they had sent a Request for Proposal (RFP).  I did a crash study of the investment banking and brokerage industry, and was presented as the account executive who would be responsible for their account.  We knew we were up against tall odds.  Fortunately, Drexel had hired a Harvard professor who had written what had become by then a business classic, Marketing Myopia. He told Drexel they should look for one thing—quality of mind.  

Drexel Burnham Lambert hired us.  I became a part owner of the agency.  And we began to grow.  We helped introduce one of the earliest versions of cell phones.  We introduced Jaegermeister and Rioja wines to the U.S. Market.  We had a lot of fun, and I learned a ton.  Eventually we grew to a 30-person staff before I persuaded my wife, Linda, that we should move to Wilmington with our six month old baby so I could join the family business that I thought I had left behind eight years earlier.

I thought Wilmington would be a great place to raise a family.  I wanted to experience running a business with my father who was—and is—one of those exceptional people who truly leads with love, never with fear.  I wanted to learn how to do that.  And I wanted to help the company to which he dedicated so much of his life deal with some tough strategic issues.

It was a bigger change than I had imagined.  Instead of selling ideas, we sold merchandise—nearly 20,000 different items, hundreds, maybe thousands of which became obsolete every year. Instead of C-suite clients, our customers were mostly small, not well capitalized mom and pop businesses.  Instead of a college educated staff, including more than one PhD., we employed dozens of less educated folks. Instead of a relatively simple, business model with dependable cash flow, we had a much more complex business, with millions of dollars of inventory, receivables, payables; many customers who could never pay on time; and a hundred employees, two dozen of whom were scattered around the mid-Atlantic and Southeast. Rather than competing against dozens of other ad agencies we had two major, and larger competitors, who seemed like mortal enemies.

I learned a lot.  After five years of work on our strategic challenges, with some notable successes and gains in market share, I decided that the best strategic move would be to sell the company to one of our two competitors, both of which had approached us with their interest.  The family, including my father, wholeheartedly agreed.  

The better offer appeared to be from our largest competitor, ten times our size, publicly owned and audited by what was then a Big Eight accounting firm.  I agreed to run the business as a competing subsidiary for three years.  All seemed to go as planned until the parent company discovered a year-and-a-half later that it had been the victim of massive internal fraud.  Instead of earning healthy profits, it was losing as much as it was reporting to have earned.  Instead of a strong balance sheet, it was insolvent.  

Over the next year-and-a-half we slowly wound down our business, trying to help employees, many of whom had been with us for decades, find new jobs before being laid off.  It was the toughest business experience I have ever had.  And I felt responsible.

However, as is almost always the case with tough experiences, I learned a great deal.  I learned that you can’t always trust reported numbers—if something seems too good to be true it probably isn’t true (when Worldcom, Enron and Arthur Anderson imploded due to financial fraud and its repercussions, I was seeing something I had seen before).  I learned that there is no substitute for integrity; honesty is the bedrock economic virtue.  Without it, little else matters.  I learned that situations can change in a heartbeat, and, when they do, the only prudent course of action is to assess and accept what is, moving forward into the new reality.  When the world began moving towards Covid lockdown in late February of 2020, I knew we could not put our heads in the sand; we needed to deal with it as best we could.

As the wind-down of the family business progressed, I began to think about the future.  I came close to buying another business before what I can only call divine intervention changed the course of Linda’s and my life.  

We had talked on and off about two seemingly unrelated dreams.  One was to give our young daughters exposure to another culture like Linda had experienced growing up during her elementary school years in Japan.  The other was to engage in an extended time of theological study.

Linda was about to complete a Masters in Social Work, and felt that any work in that field would be enhanced greatly with a well-grounded spiritual component.  I was interested in a time of study and reflection around the desire to better align my Christian faith with my business life. I will never forget going to see one of our sporting goods customers a few days after the Grand Opening of his new store, where he credited his Christian faith for his success and where his pastor lauded him for being a “good Christian businessman”.  When I visited him a few days later, he laid out for me a plan to drive his toughest competitor out of business.  Shocked, I asked him how that fit with what he and his pastor had said at the Grand Opening.  He replied, “I go to church on Sunday, but Monday morning I am all business.”  He made me wonder, is that the way it has to be if one wants to be successful in the world of commerce?

Linda and I had pretty much given up on those two dreams when one November day we received a letter in the mail from the head of an Anglican seminary, Trinity College, in Bristol, England.  The writer of the letter said that the newly consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury had told him about us (we had met him a couple of months earlier through a dear friend who had been his seminary student, and told him about our dreams), and that Trinity would be delighted for us to visit in order to determine whether they could structure a year of suitable study for us, and to discern whether we might be called to spend a year with them in Bristol.

This was one of those bolts out of the blue that can only be explained as being divinely inspired.  It led to one of the richest and most pivotal years in Linda’s and my life together.  I wrote a dissertation on the topic, Do Business and Christianity Mix?  I enrolled in a doctoral program at the University of Bristol in the field of economic ethics.  I began work on a thesis looking at whether the heart of economic ethics from a theological point of view is working out the proper interplay between one’s own legitimate interests or welfare and the legitimate interests or welfare as others as seen through the commandment to love our neighbors as ourselves.  We prepared for our return to Wilmington, where I planned to find a way to provide for our family while carrying on my research.  

As I thought about various options, such as joining or buying a business, I thought back to my earlier interest in the financial markets—an interest that had never gone away.  It occurred to me that I now had the broad business and life experience my Kidder Peabody mentor suggested I get.  I thought I could make some time and money trade-offs in this field, and thereby find time for my academic work, knowing that I would not have to be setting an example for a hundred employees. And I thought it would be an arena where I could put to work the principles I was articulating in that academic work, and be of real help to people.  

Tests and interviews seemed to confirm that the investment and financial advising field would be a good marriage of my interests and my gifts.  When I returned to England to meet with my doctoral advisor, I also spent some time with the professor who had strongly encouraged me to seek ordination as an Anglican priest.  When I explained to him the route that I felt called to pursue, he said, “Well, I think you are called to be a financial pastor.”

I have never forgotten those words.  For me, they represent so much to which I aspire.

As it turned out, starting a new practice was more demanding—and satisfying—than I had imagined.  I also realized that having time to help coach our daughters’ soccer teams, time to participate in things like the YMCA’s Indian Princess program with them, and time to spend with Linda was way more important to me than pursuing another academic degree.

I also came to the conclusion that from a practical, real world perspective I had done most of the, theological research that I needed to do in relation to economic ethics.  At some level, the ethical bottom line in the economics sphere is fairly simple conceptually:  In the spirit of the commandment to love our neighbors as ourselves, it is to be as concerned about the welfare of others (clients’, customers’, employees’, suppliers’, the broader society’s as a whole) as I am concerned about my, or my family’s, own  welfare.

In the spirit of the new commandment Jesus gives his disciples at the Last Supper, “to love one another as I have loved you,” and in his example as the Good Shepherd, it is to be a fiduciary in the truest sense, putting the interest of others before my own, not just on par with my own.

The task for me at that point, I concluded, was to put that understanding into action, to live it out as best I could.  So, I packed up the books and file folders of notes.  I have no regrets about that decision.  

I can’t say that I have lived up perfectly, or even imperfectly, to what I had come to understand to be my calling.  But I do believe my colleagues and I in The Murchison Group have made a positive contribution to our clients’ lives, and to one another’s lives.  I do believe we have built something special, something that deserves to be carried on beyond the tenure of any one of us.

That is why we have tried to recruit top-notch individuals of high character and varying ages, spending two-to-three years in conversation in several cases before deciding that we were great fits for each other.  

It is why we made the decision to couple the benefits of independence with the maintenance of all our working relationships with Wells Fargo Advisors Financial Network, the Wells Fargo Investment Institute and the Wells Fargo Private Bank.  We had long operated with a degree of autonomy, managing our own P&L, while remaining employees of Wells Fargo Advisors.  Now with The Murchison Group as its own independent legal entity, we are assuming an array of responsibilities previously handled by the mother ship in order to take advantage of greater flexibility and control.  This was a move with the long-term future in mind, and involves a longer-term commitment by me to both our Group and our clients.  

J. Reid Murchison III, CFP ®

Senior Financial Advisor
Managing Partner
Almost all our client relationships are advisory in nature, and in most all cases clients give us discretion to act on their behalf.  Legally, this means that we are fiduciaries.  We are required—and committed—to put your needs and interests ahead of our own.  That is the way we want it.

On a practical level, advisory clients compensate us for all that we do for them by paying a fee based on the value of their assets under management, with no additional costs for transactions.  We think this helps avoid conflicts of interest.  As some say, it puts us on the same side of the table.  If we can help your assets grow, or help you lose less in down markets, our revenue will tend to grow.

Of course, one could argue that there is always some conflict about the level of those asset-based fees.  We have thought a lot about that issue.

We think cost matters.  Higher costs make it harder to deliver desirable long-term results.  Lower costs make it a little easier.  So, we have always approached pricing a bit differently than most business consultants suggest.  Conventional wisdom is to price one’s services as high as the market will bear—and in some cases to price one’s services above the market because people often gauge value by cost.  The old bromide, “you get what you pay for” is deeply entrenched in much of people’s thinking.  So there is often a tendency to think that higher cost means better service or a better product—even when that is often not at all the case.

We have taken a different approach.  We have sought to set fees closer to the lowest level we can and still operate a practice of the highest quality:  We want to provide attractive levels of compensation for our people so they will stay with us.  We want to invest in more than adequate staffing levels—we want to build in a margin of safety in order to be resilient during high stress periods; in order to avoid things falling through the cracks; and in order to foster a reasonable life/work balance for all of us.  

How have we been able to do that?  By thinking hard about what we spend money on and what we don’t.  

One of any business’s greatest costs is the sales and marketing cost of getting customers or clients.  We have spent next to nothing in that arena over the years.  Rather, we have built our business by word of mouth.  At the outset, Reid believed that if he could do a great job for clients, many would likely tell someone else about their experience, and some of those folks would inquire about becoming clients as well.  It has worked beyond his wildest dreams.

Some firms spend a lot of money appealing to people’s vanity or trying to impress them with lavish offices, lavish entertainment or lavish attention to things that don’t really matter in the long run.  We want a welcoming work environment.  We want our clients to know that they are very important to us, and that we appreciate greatly their loyal support.  But we see no need to go over the top for show.

Some firms are focused on generating the maximum monetary return in the shortest period of time for their top people.  We want to be reasonably compensated, and to build long-term value for our enterprise.  But we never want to be, or even appear to be, greedy.

Advisory accounts are not designed for excessively traded or inactive accounts, and may not be appropriate for all investors. During periods of lower trading activity, your costs might be lower if our compensation was based on commissions. Please carefully review the Wells Fargo Advisors advisory disclosure document for a full description of our services, including fees and expenses. The minimum account size for Advisory Programs varies.